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Biopesticides
Biopesticides are pest management tools that are based
on beneficial microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa),
beneficial nematodes or other safe, biologically based active ingredients.
Benefits of biopesticides include effective control of insects, plant
diseases and weeds, as well as human and environmental safety.
Biopesticides also play an important role in providing pest management
tools in areas where pesticide resistance, niche markets, and
environmental concerns limit the use of chemical pesticide products.
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TYPE
OF CONTROL
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EXAMPLES
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Insect
Control
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Bacteria
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Bacillus
thuringiensis, B. sphaericus, Paenibacillus popilliae, Serratia
entomophila
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Viruses
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nuclear
polyhedrosis viruses, granulosis viruses, non-occluded baculoviruses
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Fungi
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Beauveria
spp, Metarhizium,
Entomophaga, Zoopthora, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Normuraea,
Lecanicillium lecanii
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Protozoa
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Nosema,
Thelohania, Vairimorpha
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Entomopathogenic
nematodes
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Steinernema
spp,
Heterorhabditis
spp
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Others
(not strictly biopesticides)
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Pheromones,
parasitoids, predators, microbial by-products
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Weed
Control
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Fungi
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Bacteria
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Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides, Chondrostereum purpureum, Cylindrobasidium
laeve
Xanthomonas campestris
pv. poannua
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Plant
Disease Control
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Fungi
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Competitive
inoculants
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Composts,
soil inoculants
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Ampelomyces
quisqualis,
Candida spp. , Clonostachys rosea f. catenulate, Coniothyrium
minitans, Pseudozyma flocculosa, Trichoderma spp
Bacillus
pumilus, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas spp, Streptomyces
griseoviridis
Burkholderia cepacia
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Nematicides
etc.
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Nematode
trapping fungi
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Bacteria
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Mollusc
parasitic nematode
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Myrothecium verrucaria,
Paecilomyces lilacinus
Bacillus firmus,
Pasteuria penetrans
Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
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Why Biopesticides?
Human and environmental safety
Alternatives to conventional pesticides
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25 million cases of acute occupational pesticide
poisoning in developing countries each year (WHO, 1990) |
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14% of all known occupational injuries and 10% of all
fatal injuries are caused by pesticides (ILO, 1996) |
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Obsolete pesticides stored in developing countries –
20,000 tonnes in Africa alone |
Amenable to small-scale, local production in developing
countries
Address increased public awareness of environmental and
food safety
Fundamental component of Integrated Pest Management
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Natural enemies protected |
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Controls pests resistant to conventional pesticides |
Products available in small, niche markets that are
typically unaddressed by large agrochemical companies |
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